FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA). The inputs to a VQA are: a cost function C(θ), with θ a set of parameters that encodes the solution to the problem, an ansatz whose parameters are trained to minimize the cost, and (possibly) a set of training data {ρ k } used during the optimization. Here, the cost can often be expressed in the form in Eq. ( 3), for some set of functions {f k }. Also, the ansatz is shown as a parameterized quantum circuit (on the left), which is analogous to a neural network (also shown schematically on the right). At each iteration of the loop one uses a quantum computer to efficiently estimate the cost (or its gradients). This information is fed into a classical computer that leverages the power of optimizers to navigate the cost landscape C(θ) and solve the optimization problem in Eq. ( 1). Once a termination condition is met, the VQA outputs an estimate of the solution to the problem. The form of the output depends on the precise task at hand. The red box indicates some of the most common types of outputs.
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2022-11-24
The 1$^{\text{st}}$ Workshop on Maritime Computer Vision (MaCVi) 2023 focused on maritime computer vision for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), and organized several subchallenges in this domain: (i) UAV-based Maritime Object Detection, (ii) UAV-based Maritime Object Tracking, (iii) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Segmentation and (iv) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Detection. The subchallenges were based on the SeaDronesSee and MODS benchmarks. This report summarizes the main findings of the individual subchallenges and introduces a new benchmark, called SeaDronesSee Object Detection v2, which extends the previous benchmark by including more classes and footage. We provide statistical and qualitative analyses, and assess trends in the best-performing methodologies of over 130 submissions. The methods are summarized in the appendix. The datasets, evaluation code and the leaderboard are publicly available at https://seadronessee.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/macvi.
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Artificial intelligence methods including deep neural networks (DNN) can provide rapid molecular classification of tumors from routine histology with accuracy that matches or exceeds human pathologists. Discerning how neural networks make their predictions remains a significant challenge, but explainability tools help provide insights into what models have learned when corresponding histologic features are poorly defined. Here, we present a method for improving explainability of DNN models using synthetic histology generated by a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN). We show that cGANs generate high-quality synthetic histology images that can be leveraged for explaining DNN models trained to classify molecularly-subtyped tumors, exposing histologic features associated with molecular state. Fine-tuning synthetic histology through class and layer blending illustrates nuanced morphologic differences between tumor subtypes. Finally, we demonstrate the use of synthetic histology for augmenting pathologist-in-training education, showing that these intuitive visualizations can reinforce and improve understanding of histologic manifestations of tumor biology.
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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Fine-grained population maps are needed in several domains, like urban planning, environmental monitoring, public health, and humanitarian operations. Unfortunately, in many countries only aggregate census counts over large spatial units are collected, moreover, these are not always up-to-date. We present POMELO, a deep learning model that employs coarse census counts and open geodata to estimate fine-grained population maps with 100m ground sampling distance. Moreover, the model can also estimate population numbers when no census counts at all are available, by generalizing across countries. In a series of experiments for several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the maps produced with POMELOare in good agreement with the most detailed available reference counts: disaggregation of coarse census counts reaches R2 values of 85-89%; unconstrained prediction in the absence of any counts reaches 48-69%.
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In collider-based particle and nuclear physics experiments, data are produced at such extreme rates that only a subset can be recorded for later analysis. Typically, algorithms select individual collision events for preservation and store the complete experimental response. A relatively new alternative strategy is to additionally save a partial record for a larger subset of events, allowing for later specific analysis of a larger fraction of events. We propose a strategy that bridges these paradigms by compressing entire events for generic offline analysis but at a lower fidelity. An optimal-transport-based $\beta$ Variational Autoencoder (VAE) is used to automate the compression and the hyperparameter $\beta$ controls the compression fidelity. We introduce a new approach for multi-objective learning functions by simultaneously learning a VAE appropriate for all values of $\beta$ through parameterization. We present an example use case, a di-muon resonance search at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), where we show that simulated data compressed by our $\beta$-VAE has enough fidelity to distinguish distinct signal morphologies.
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半监督学习（SSL）有望通过对许多未标记图像进行培训，与小标签数据集中的培训分类器相比，准确性的提高。在诸如医学成像之类的现实应用中，将收集未标记的集合，以提高权宜之计，因此未贴上：可能与代表类或类频率中的标记集合不同。不幸的是，现代的深SSL通常会使未经保证的未标记的集合变得更糟。最近的补救措施表明，过滤方法可以检测出分布未标记的示例，然后将其丢弃或减轻重量。相反，我们认为所有未标记的示例可能会有所帮助。我们介绍了一个称为Fix-A-Step的程序，该程序尽管缺乏策划，但仍可以提高常见的深SSL方法的持有准确性。关键的创新是受所有未标记数据启发的标签集的增强，并修改了梯度下降更新，以防止遵循多任务SSL损失损害标签集的精度。尽管我们的方法比替代方案更简单，但我们在所有测试的人工污染水平上显示了无标记集的所有测试水平的CIFAR-10和CIFAR-100基准的准确性提高。我们进一步建议SSL的真实医疗基准：识别心脏超声图像的视图类型。我们的方法可以从353,500个真正未经贴标记的图像中学习，以提供跨医院的概括的收益。
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准确的睡眠阶段分类对于睡眠健康评估很重要。近年来，已经开发了几种基于深度学习和机器学习的睡眠阶段算法，并且在人类注释方面取得了表现。尽管性能提高，但最深入学习算法的局限性是其黑盒行为，它限制了它们在临床环境中的使用。在这里，我们提出了跨模式变压器，这是一种基于变压器的睡眠阶段分类的方法。我们的模型通过最先进的方法实现了竞争性能，并通过利用注意模块的可解释性方面消除了深度学习模型的黑盒行为。提出的跨模式变压器由一种新型的跨模式变压器编码器结构以及多尺度的一维卷积神经网络组成，用于自动表示学习。基于此设计的我们的睡眠阶段分类器能够以与最先进的方法相同或更好地达到睡眠阶段分类性能，以及可解释性，参数数量减少了四倍，并且比较培训时间减少了。到当前的最新。我们的代码可从https://github.com/jathurshan0330/cross-modal-transformer获得。
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可以使用X射线自由电子激光器的强脉冲和短脉冲直接通过单次相干衍射成像直接观察到自由飞行中孤立的纳米样品的结构和动力学。广角散射图像甚至编码样品的三维形态信息，但是该信息的检索仍然是一个挑战。到目前为止，只有通过与高度约束模型拟合，需要对单镜头实现有效的三维形态重建，这需要有关可能的几何形状的先验知识。在这里，我们提出了一种更通用的成像方法。依赖于允许凸多面体描述的任何样品形态的模型，我们从单个银纳米颗粒中重建广角衍射模式。除了具有高对称性的已知结构动机外，我们还检索了以前无法访问的不完美形状和聚集物。我们的结果为单个纳米颗粒的真实3D结构确定以及最终的超快纳米级动力学的3D电影开辟了新的途径。
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我们研究了精神病学临床领域中脑唤醒的调节改变了面部行为的统计特性。潜在的机制与对某些心理状态的行为替代测量的警惕性连续体的经验解释有关。我们以基于经典的头皮的审视传感器（OEG）的意义命名了所提出的测量，该传感器光电脑摄影（OEG）仅依赖于现代基于摄像机的实时信号处理和计算机视觉。基于随机表示作为面部动力学的连贯性，反映了情绪表达中的半径不对称性，我们证明了患者与健康对照之间几乎没有完美的区别，以及精神疾病抑郁症和精神分裂症和症状的严重性。与标准诊断过程相反，该过程耗时，主观，不包含神经生物学数据，例如实时面部动力学，情感响应能力的客观随机建模仅需要几分钟的基于视频的面部录制。我们还强调了该方法作为因果推断模型在转诊分析中的潜力，以预测药理治疗的结果。所有结果均在临床纵向数据收集中获得，其中有100名患者和50例对照。
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